The road to quantitation of regional myocardial uptake of tracer.

Myocardial perfusion SPECT has been established as a noninvasive method for evaluation of coronary artery disease. For semiquantitative analysis, myocardial activity is conventionally measured relative to the region of most intense uptake. On the other hand, the absolute measurement of megabecquerels of tracer per gram of tissue has been an elusive goal. For this purpose, several factors—including limited spatial resolution, cardiac motion, Compton scatter, and photon attenuation—may preclude a linear relationship between the observed counts and the true tracer distribution (1–3). When a photon undergoes Compton scattering through interaction with an electron, it changes direction and loses energy. Scatter compensation requires estimation of the number of scattered photons in each pixel of the image. One widely used method for scatter compensation is the energy window– based method with use of either a second energy window at lower energy than the photopeak window (4) or a triple-energy window at the lower and the higher energy windows (5). A fraction of this window is subtracted from the photopeak window. Other methods for scatter compensation include the deconvolution technique and the reconstruction-based technique (3). Attenuation creates significant artifacts on SPECT images and, thus, obviates tracer distribution. 99mTc-labeled perfusion tracers provide less attenuation artifacts than 201T1 because of emission of higher energy photons, but 99mTc-labeled tracers still create a large amount of artifacts. The most common effects are artifacts associated with breast attenuation in women and diaphragmatic attenuation in men. Although clinicians are aware of these artifacts, in general, such artifacts may create artifactual perfusion abnormalities or even mask the severity of perfusion abnormalities. Thus, reliable attenuation compensation methods are required for SPECT perfusion imaging. The easiest and most common methods for attenuation correction are the prereconstruction method of Sorenson (6) and the postreconstruction method of Chang (7). Both methods assume that the attenuation is homogeneous within the body. These corrections are quite effective in liver or brain SPECT; however, this assumption is incorrect in the thorax, where quite different attenuation sources exist, such as in the lung (air), mediastinum, and bone. Transmission scanning is required to create an accurate attenuation map in areas with nonhomogeneous attenuation. Over several years, a variety of SPECT equipment has been designed for transmission imaging with SPECT scanners using a single line source, flood source, or scanning line sources (8–12). A canine study by Li et al. (13) showed that the distribution on the SPECT images correlated with well counter values with nonuniform attenuation correction, whereas the attenuation effects may be overestimated with uniform attenuation correction. Several studies have shown the advantages of SPECT perfusion after attenuation correction for better diagnosis of coronary artery disease by minimizing the false-positive rate. Multicenter clinical trials showed significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy for detecting coronary artery disease with attenuation and scatter correction (14). The major limitations of attenuation correction using radioactive tracers are preparation of radionuclides for transmission imaging and image noise after attenuation correction with transmission images. Several trials have been performed to reduce image noise using a variety of reconstruction algorithms (3). Another idea is transmission images using x-ray imaging for attenuation correction (15,16). The x-ray images produce a much higher photon flux and higher quality images than do the radionuclide sources. A recently introduced commercial CT–SPECT system has focused on combined imaging, which has several advantages. CT images and SPECT images are obtained sequentially (although not simultaneously) by moving the patient table without need of major patient registration. Such combined study represents a fusion of anatomic information with functional or biochemical information (or both) in a manner that answers specific diagnostic and therapeutic questions (17). This image fusion may minimize the limitation of poor spatial resolution of SPECT images. In addition, CT attenuation maps can be used for attenuation correction for SPECT quantitation. Furthermore, precise anatomic information may be used for partial-volume correction. In this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Da Silva et al. (18) applied the CT–SPECT imaging system for absolute quantitation of regional myocardial uptake of perfusion tracer with SPECT. They used CT images for attenuation correction. In addition, they have attempted to correct partial-volume errors on a pixel-bypixel basis using mathematic modeling by calculating the geometric extent of Received Dec. 1, 2000; revision accepted Dec. 5, 2000. For correspondence or reprints contact: Nagara Tamaki, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 0608638 Japan.